Antimycotic Agent
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As a part of our ongoing efforts towards finding novel antimycotic agents from marine microflora of the Red Sea, vanillin, 5,7-dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarin and the new antimycotic compound saadamycin were isolated from endophytic Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48. The producing strain was isolated from the Egyptian sponge Aplysina fistularis and subjected to different UV irradiation doses. A mutant strain Ah22 with 10.5-fold (420 mg/l as compared to 40 mg/l produced by the parental strain) improved saadamycin production was isolated. Production of saadamycin from mutant Ah22 was enhanced to 2.26-fold (950 mg/l) and 2.38-fold (1000 mg/l) under optimized culture conditions in batch culture and bioreactors, respectively. Both saadamycin and 5,7-dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarin exhibited significant antimycotic activity against dermatophytes and other clinical fungi.
An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others. Such drugs are usually obtained by a doctor's prescription, but a few are available over the counter (OTC). The evolution of antifungal resistance is a growing threat to health globally.[1]
The antifungal activities of 21 chemicals against species of Saprolegnia, a ubiquitous genus of aquatic fungi frequently found in fish hatcheries, were evaluated with pure fungal culture and with Saprolegnia-infected eggs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fourteen compounds were ineffective for control of fungus on rainbow trout eggs or were toxic to the eggs. The seven compounds that effectively controlled fungus on infected eggs and provided a reasonable margin of safety were Abbott A-73336, amorolfine, formalin, glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, melaleuca, and salt (sodium chloride). Only formalin, hydrogen peroxide, and salt appeared completely suitable for registration. Formalin, the replacement antifungal agent, is restricted to use with the eggs of salmonids and esocids. User safety and the effect of effluents on the environment are also concerns related to formalin treatments. Formalin effectively prevented fungal infections on eggs at concentrations as low as 250 ppm. A 1,000-ppm treatment of formalin not only prevented infection but also decreased existing infection and increased hatching rates at exposures of 15, 30, or 60 min. Hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of 500 and 1,000 ppm controlled fungus on infected eggs and increased hatching rates of treated eggs. Hydrogen peroxide was recently classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a low regulatory compound when used to control fungi on all species and life stages of fish, including eggs, and it is the antifungal agent of choice for further development. Salt decreased infection level and increased hatching rate of infected eggs at a concentration of 30,000 ppm. Salt is readily available and listed as a low regulatory compound, but the large quantities required limit its applicability.
fungal-diseases, disease-control, fungicides-, comparative-studies, fish-culture, toxicity-tests, lethal-limits, fish-eggs, Saprolegnia-, Oncorhynchus-mykiss, fish-diseases, freshwater-aquaculture, antifungal-agents, aquaculture-
Amphotericin B is a life-saving drug in the treatment of serious systemic fungal infections and is still the most widely used antifungal in and intensive care, despite the development of a series of new antifungal agents, especially the second-generation triazoles and the echinocandins.
These 60 years of clinical experience have proven that AMB is a reliable antifungal agent. At the time of its introduction and for decades, doctors had few other therapeutic options, and they learned and adapted to use it in order to minimize its toxicities.
The new therapeutic options also offer great prospects for treatment. Such options include improved azole antifungal agents, the echinocandin class, in addition to constant studies in search of new lipid formulations of AMB itself. However, it has been in recent years that these agents have proven their worth in a variety of clinical settings, providing high rates of effectiveness with minimal safety-related problems. Therefore, over time, it is natural that the use of conventional AMBs and even lipid formulations of amphotericin B (LFABs) may have limited use, as the evidence with the new agents, with new combination schemes, will show improvements in patient care and its benefits will be increasingly noticed.
Despite these advances, AMB remains in use both in medical practice and in clinical trials owing to the wide possibility of licensed indications. In addition, AMB remains the treatment of choice for many serious fungal infections in vulnerable hosts owing to its excellent spectrum of activity and its low resistance rates. To date, it continues to be the agent with the widest spectrum of action and the lowest resistance potential of any known antifungal agent [9].
Some characteristics that maintain its status as the gold standard are the low cost of conventional AMB therapy, the high acceptance of this formulation in continuous use by neonates, the improvement of toxicity rates with the arrival of the LFABs, and its intrathecal use in Coccidioides immitis meningitis [10, 11]. It is also noteworthy that there are individuals who actually tolerate conventional therapy better than advanced formulations [12]. Basically, these are the fundamentals that make the medical community consider the use of AMB as a therapeutic standard in addition to a standard comparator for clinical trials among antifungal agents.
Amphotericin B belongs to the class of polyene macrolides which also comprises amphotericin A and nystatin, the latter being considered the first antifungal agent developed for the treatment of mycoses [13], despite its production as a systemic agent being avoided because of serious toxicities.
The drug was discovered in 1956 by Donovick, Gold, Pagano, and Stout [14] following the fermentation of the actinomycete Streptomyces nodosus, originally identified as M-4575, isolated from a soil sample collected in the Orinoco River region, in Venezuela. As a therapeutic agent, it was licensed in 1959, on the basis of available and non-comparative data [1], and became accessible commercially in 1960 as Fungizone (Bristol-Myers-Squibb, USA), a colloidal suspension of AMB.
There are also studies that propose AMB as a promising new option as an antiviral agent, as it can affect the structure of cholesterol in viral envelopes and cell membranes, as well as in intracellular organelles. Data from experimental studies on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Japanese encephalitis virus, as well as hepatitis B, herpes simplex, and rubella viruses have been reported [194,195,196,197].
In the daily routine, AMB is an important resource in severe fungal infections, available as a useful agent against virulent infections such as A. flavus and Scedosporium spp., often related to refractoriness [238].
processing.... Drugs & Diseases > Pediatrics: General Medicine Pediatric Tinea Versicolor Medication Updated: Jan 27, 2020 Author: Lyubomir A Dourmishev, MD, PhD; Chief Editor: Dirk M Elston, MD more... Share Print Feedback Close Facebook Twitter LinkedIn WhatsApp Email webmd.ads2.defineAd({id: 'ads-pos-421-sfp',pos: 421}); Sections Pediatric Tinea Versicolor Sections Pediatric Tinea Versicolor Overview Background Pathophysiology Etiology Epidemiology Prognosis Patient Education Show All Presentation History Physical Examination Complications Show All DDx Workup Laboratory Studies Imaging Studies Other Tests Histologic Findings Show All Treatment Medical Care Surgical Care Diet Activity Prevention Long-Term Monitoring Show All Medication Medication Summary Antifungal Agent, Topical Antifungal Agent, Systemic Show All Questions & Answers Media Gallery References Medication Medication Summary Tinea versicolor responds well to both topical and oral antimycotic therapies. Some patients prefer oral therapy because of convenience, while others prefer the safety of topical therapies. Many effective topical therapies are available without prescription and can be used for suppressive therapy or for treating recurrences without the need for a follow-up visit. Traditional topical herbal therapies are still used in many parts of the world. [15]
Systemic azoles are highly effective against M furfur and are usually combined with topical antimycotics in severe cases, and new agents are being investigated. [16] While oral fluconazole has been used in tinea versicolor, the results may be no better than with topical agents. [17, 18]
Econazole is an antifungal agent that is a water-miscible base consisting of pegoxol 7 stearate, peglicol 5 oleate, mineral oil, benzoic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole, and purified water. The color of the soft cream is white to off-white and is for topical use only. It interferes with RNA and protein synthesis and metabolism. It disrupts fungal cell wall permeability, causing fungal cell death. Econazole exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal activity against many gram-negative organisms. It is effective in cutaneous infections.
Ketoconazole is an imidazole broad-spectrum antifungal agent; it inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, causing cellular components to leak, resulting in fungal cell death. While available as both a topical and systemic agent, systemic use of the drug carries a black box warning and is inappropriate for conditions that are not severe or life-threatening. M furfur is eradicated by the presence of ketoconazole in outer skin layers. 59ce067264